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In the classic version of the RST, the BAS and BIS were thought to be activated only by conditioned rewarding and punishing stimuli, respectively. The first major change from the “classic” to the “revised” RST is the removal of the distinction between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (see McNaughton and Corr, 2004). According to the original conceptualization of RST, the BIS is hypothesized to be anchored around a core network comprising the septo-hippocampal-system (e.g., Gray, 1982).Ī major revision to RST has resulted in a somewhat updated understanding of the systems described above ( Gray and McNaughton, 2000 McNaughton and Corr, 2004), with particularly notable implications for the role of the BIS and what has now been termed the Fight Flight Freezing system (FFFS, reflecting Fear 2). In contrast, individuals with a more reactive BIS might be characterized as more anxious, avoidant, and more motivated to avoid threat or punishment 1.
#Carver cm 1090 age full#
Individuals with stronger dopaminergic firing in these brain regions might be characterized as full of energy, having a tendency toward outgoing explorative behavior, and being more motivated to pursue rewards (e.g., Leyton et al., 2002).
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Here, mesolimbic dopamine function is thought to underpin energized approach behavior toward appetitive stimuli ( Schultz, 2007). Gray proposed that the BAS is anchored in mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways (e.g., Pickering and Gray, 2001), thereby sharing similar ideas with Panksepp's SEEKing system ( Panksepp and Moskal, 2008) and Depue's Behavioral Faciliation System (e.g., Depue and Collins, 1999). Individual differences in the functioning of the BIS and BAS are thought to provide the biological foundation for complex personality traits (see also Montag et al., 2013). These systems regulate approach toward appetitive stimuli and avoidance/withdrawal of aversive stimuli. At the core of the classic form of this theory are the behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems (BAS and BIS, respectively). The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality has in recent years become one of the most prominent biologically oriented theories in personality psychology ( Corr, 2008 Smillie et al., 2011). Here, a functional genetic polymorphism (rs11174811) on the AVPR1a gene was shown to be associated with individual differences in both the revised BIS and classic BIS dimensions.
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Finally, this same subgroup of participants provided buccal swaps for the investigation of the arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a) gene. A large number of German participants ( N = 1090) also filled in the BIS/BAS scales by Carver and White (1994) and the correlations between these measures are presented.
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An English translated version of the new measure is also presented and tested in N = 299 English language participants. Therefore, in this paper we present a new questionnaire measuring individual differences in the revised constructs of the BIS, BAS and FFFS in N = 1814 participants (German sample). As Gray and McNaughton (2000) revised the RST after its initial formulation in the 1970/80s, and given the Carver and White measure is based on the initial conceptualization of RST, there is a growing need for self-report inventories measuring individual differences in the revised behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS) and the fight, flight, freezing system (FFFS). The most prominent self-report inventory to measure individual differences in approach and avoidance behavior to date is the BIS/BAS scale by Carver and White (1994). Jeffrey Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) represents one of the most influential biologically-based personality theories describing individual differences in approach and avoidance tendencies. 6Department of Psychology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.5Melbounre School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.4Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.3Center of Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.2Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.1Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.Smillie 5, Sebastian Markett 2 and Christian Montag 6